Notes for lines 0-1017 ed. Bernice W. Kliman
| 115 Sharkt vp a list of {lawelesse} <Landlesse> resolutes | 1.1.98 |
|---|
1730 Theobald
Theobald
115 lawelesse] Theobald (to Warburton, 14 March 1730, fol. 57r; Nichols, Illus 2:558): “The two old 4to’s in 1605 [Q2] & 1611 [Q3] read lawless . . . but Landless I think may do as well.”
1743 han1
han1
115 Sharkt vp] Hanmer (ed. 1743, Glossary):“To Shark Up [115] to pick up in a thievish manner. Fr. Chercher.”
1771 han3
han3 = han1
115 Sharkt vp]
1773 v1773
v1773 ≈ hang without attribution; without thievish
115 Sharkt vp] Steevens (ed. 1773) says that shark’t means “to pick up without distinction, as the shark-fish collects his prey.”
1774 capn
capn ≈ v1773
115 Sharkt vp] Capell (1774, 1:1:Glossary): “snatch up, as the Shark does his Prey.”
1778 v1778
v1778 = v1773
115 Sharkt vp]
1784 ays1
ays1 = v1778
115 Sharkt vp]
1785 v1785
v1785 = v1778
115 Sharkt vp]
1787 ann
ann = v1785
115 Sharkt vp]
ann
115 lawelesse] Henley (1787): “it appears from what follows, verse 116 [120], that landless is the proper word.”
Ed. note: See Kliman, Bernice W. “Cum Notis Variorum: Samuel Henley, Shakespeare Commentator in Bell’s Annotations.” Shakespeare Newsletter 48. 4 (Winter 1998/1999): 91-2; 108, 110.
1790 mal
mal= v1785
115 Sharkt vp]
1791- rann
rann
115 Sharkt vp] Rann (ed. 1791-): “Hastily collected a band of needy desperadoes for the accomplishment of some arduous enterprise.—[variant reading:] lawless resolutes.”
1819 cald1
cald1
115 Sharkt vp] Caldecott (ed. 1819): “Snapped up with the eager voracity of a shark caught up from any or all quarters for a bellyful, a gang of sturdy beggars, sharpset, and of courage equal to any enterprise.”
1822 Nares
Nares ≈ hang for sharkt up;
115 Sharkt vp . . .
resolutes]
Nares (1822
apud Furness, ed. 1877): “Fortinbras . . .had collected in a banditti-like manner, a set of rogues and vagabonds.”
1826 sing1
sing1 ≈ cald1 without attribution +
115 Sharkt vp] Singer (ed. 1826): “i.e. snapped up or taken up hastily. ‘Scroccare is properly to do any thing at another man’s cost, to shark or shift for any thing. Scroccolone, a cunning shifter or sharker for any thing in time of need, named for victuals; a tall trencher-man, shifting up and down for belly cheer.’ The same word also signifies to snap. This word has not yet lost its force in vulgar conversation.”
1832 cald2
cald2 = cald1
115 Sharkt vp]
1843 col1
Col1
115 lawelesse] Collier (ed. 1843), without amplification, says that landless is probably an error.
Ed. note: Note that the Perkins annotator (mcol1) changes landlesse to lawelesse.
1844 verp
verp: Henley without attribution
115 lawelesse]
Verplanck (ed. 1844): “The folio reads
landless, which may be the true reading.”
1845 Hunter
Hunter
115 list] Hunter (1845, 2: 214): “The first edition reads sight, which, though now accounted a vulgarism, is here the better word.”
1853 Collier
115 lawelesse]
Collier (1853, p. 419): Whether the old corrector did or did not resort to any of the quartos for assistance, they have all ‘Shark’d up a list of lawless resolutes,’ for ‘
landless resolutes’ (to which it was changed in the folios), and ‘lawless’ is imported into the folio, 1632.”
1853 Singer Vindication
115 lawlesse] Singer (1853, p. 261): “The adoption of the reading of the quartos, lawless for ‘landless,’ and morn [149]instead of ‘day,’ may have been derived from any of the editions that notice these variations; the adoption was, of course, a matter of taste in the correctors.”
Ed. note: By correctors Singer means the ms. notes in the Perkins F2 (mcol1).
1854 del2
del2
115 lawelesse] Delius (ed. 1854): “So die Fol., besser als das lawless der Qs; da eben der Umstand, dass sie nichts zu verlieren hatten, diese Waghälse zu so gewaltsamen Unternehmungen geneigter machen musste. Diese Beziehung drückt auch das unmittelbar folgende for food and diet aus.” [He believes landless makes more sense than lawless because such landless men would have nothing to lose, these daredevils having to rely on such undertakings. This interpretation fits food and diet, which follows.]
1856 hud1
hud1 ≈ sing1 minus (last sentence ) without attribution
115 Sharkt vp] Hudson (ed. 1856): “Shark’dis snapped up or taken up hastily. ‘Scroccare is properly to do any thing at another man’s cost, to shark or shift for any thing. Scroccolone, a cunning shifter or sharker for any thing in time of need, named for victuals; a tall trencher-man, shifting up and down for belly cheer.’”
hud1 ≈ col1 without attribution
115 lawelesse] Hudson (ed. 1856): “The quartos have lawless instead of Landless, of the folio. Lawless may be right.”
1856 sing2
sing2 = sing1 minus struck through (all but part of 1st two sentences, ) + to snap from the penultimate sentence.
115 Sharkt vp] Singer (ed. 1856): “i.e. snapped up or taken up hastily. ‘Scroccare is properly to do any thing at another man’s cost, to shark or shift for any thing, to snap.’”
1865 hal
hal = cald2 + analogue
115 Sharkt] Halliwell (ed. 1865): “‘That’s but the scum and sediment of wit Which sharking braines do into publike thrust.’ Berkenhead’s Comm. Verses to Cartwright, 1651.”
1868 c&mc
c&mc ≈ sing2 without attribution + in magenta underlined
115 Sharkt vp]
Clarke &
Clarke (ed. 1868): “‘Snapped up,’ ‘taken up,’
scraped together.”
1869 tsch
tsch
115 lawelesse]
Tschischwitz (ed. 1869,
apud Furness, ed. 1877): “The reading of the Ff is certainly the better; had ‘lawless’ been meant, the more usual word
outlaws would have been used. No young noble warrior like Fortinbras would have made common cause with
outlaws, but with the
landless the case was different; indeed, he himself belonged to that category.”
1870 rug1
rug1
115 Moberly (ed. 1870): “Literally, ‘clutched together,’ a number of lawless filibusters. The meaning of ‘escroquer’ is the same in French.”
1870 Abbott
Abbott
115 resolutes] Abbott (§433): “Participial Nouns. . . . in E[arly] E[nglish] adjectives of Romance origin often take the plural inflection. ‘Lawless resolutes.’ . . . .”
Abbott also refers to Mac. 1.2.59
1872 cln1
cln1 standard
115 Sharkt vp] Clark & Wright (ed. 1872): “gathered indiscriminately. By a natural metaphor from the voracious habits of the fish, ‘to shark’ is also used as a slang word for ‘to thieve,’ and ‘sharker’ for ‘thief.’ See Grose’s Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, s.v.”
cln1
115 list] Clark & Wright (ed. 1872): “muster-roll, catalogue.”
cln1 = rann without attribution
115 resolutes]
1872 hud2
hud2 = hud1 minus all after victuals.
115 Sharkt vp]
115 Sharkt vp]
Schmidt (1875): “Shark. vb, with
up, = to pick up, to collect in a dishonest and illegal manner: [quotes 115].”
1877 v1877
v1877: Steevens, Nares +
115 Sharkt]
Furness (ed. 1877): “The verb
to shark is nearly equivalent to the modern verb
to swindle.”
v1877: tsch
115 lawelesse]
Tschischwitz (1869, apud ed. 1877): “The reading of the Ff is certainly the better; had ‘lawless’ been meant, the more usual word outlaws would have been used. No young noble warrior like Fortinbras would have made common cause with outlaws, but with the landless the case was different; indeed, he himself belonged to that category.”
v1877: Abbott
115 resolutes]
rlf1 ≈ cln1 without attribution
115 list]
rlf1 ≈ Abbott § 433
115 resolutes]
1880 Tanger
Tanger
115 lawelesse] Tanger (1880, p. 121) ascribes the F1 variant as “probably owing to the negligence, inattention, or criticism of the compositor.”
1880 meik
meik: standard gloss + Hunter analogue
115 Sharkt vp] Meikeljohn (ed. 1880): “Mr Hunter quotes Massinger: ‘Then my hand hath a fling at mine eyes; because they look not out and shark for victuals.’”
Ed. note: Hunter source not so far found.
meik = cln1 without attribution
115 list] Meikeljohn (ed. 1880): “muster-roll.”
meik = rann by way of cln1 without attribution + in magenta underlined
115 resolutes] Meikeljohn (ed. 1880): “desperadoes. S. also vulgars, severals, discontents (= discontented persons) and (in [3565] mighty opposites.”
1881 hud3
hud3 ≈ cald, rann + in magenta underlined
115 Sharkt vp] Hudson (ed. 1881): “snapped up, or raked together: the idea being, that Fortinbras has gathered eagerly, wherever he could, a band of desperadoes, hard cases, or roughs, who were up to any thing bold and adventurous, and required no pay but their keep.”
1883 macd
macd ≈ c&mc without attribution + in magenta underlined
115 Sharkt vp] MacDonald (ed. 1883): “Is shark’d related to the German scharren? Zusammen scharren—to scrape together. The Anglo-Saxon searwian is to prepare, entrap, take.”
1885 mull
mull ≈ rann; cln1 without attribution
115 Sharkt vp] Mull (ed. 1885): “hastily and indiscriminately gathered.”
1890 irv2
irv2
115 Sharkt vp] Marshall (ed. 1890): “compare Rowley, When you see me, you know me (D4 verso): ‘I thinke if a fat purse come ith’ way, though wouldst not refuse it. Therefore leave the Court and sharke with mee.’ Q.1 has a reading here, ‘a sight of landless [sic] resolutes’ which deserves to be noticed. The use of sight = quantity, was quite a legitimate use of the word in the sixteenth century. For instance, we find that Andrew Boorde (in his Boke of Knowledge), speaking of St. Sophia’s Church at Constantinople, says, ‘the church is called Saynte Sophyes Churche, in the whyche be a wonder-full syght of preistes: they say there is a thowsande prestes that doth belong to the church.’ (Reprint, 1870, p. 172). Sight, in this sense, is now accounted a vulgarism. It certainly was not so in Shakespeare’s time, and Hunter is perhaps right when he prefers the reading of Q.1 to that of any older copy.
1899 ard1
ard1 ≈ cln1 without attribution
115 Sharkt]
ard1
115 lawelesse] Dowden (ed. 1899): “The F ‘landless’ gives also an appropriate sense; but here Q1 agrees with Q2 in giving ‘lawless.’”
ard1
115 resolutes] Dowden (ed. 1899): “braves.”
1903 rlf3
rlf3 = rlf1
115 Sharkt vp]
Rolfe (ed. 1903): “Picked up without distinction (Steevens) or illegally (
Schmidt).”
Ed. note: rlf3 does not usually have attributions
rlf3 = rlf1 minus (Abbott attribution)
115 resolutes]
1905 rltr
rltr: standard
115 Sharkt vp] Chambers (ed. 1905): “gathered indiscriminately,”
1912 dtn3
dtn3: standard
115 Sharkt]
dtn3 ≈ cald without attribution; ≈ cln1 without attribution
115 a list] Deighton (ed. 1912): “a gang; literally, catalogue.”
dtn3: standard gloss (if freshly worded); Abbott § 433
115 lawelesse resolutes] Deighton (ed. 1912): “wild-blooded young fellows ready for any enterprise however desperate and unjustifiable; for instances of inflected adjectives and participles, see Abb, §433.”
1917 yal1
yal1 ≈ dtn on catalogue
115 list] Crawford (ed. 1917): “Literally, a special catalogue of the soldiers of a force; here used in the sense of an indiscriminately chosen crowd.”
1924 vand
vand
115 lawelesse]
Van Dam (ed. 1924, p. 137): The Q2 variant must be right because
landless adds nothing, but lawless is exactly what they are, careless about the law.
1931 crg1
crg1: standard
115 sharkt vp]
crg1: standard
115 resolutes] Craig (ed. 1931): “desperadoes.”
1934 Wilson
Wilson MSH
115 lawelesse]
Wilson (1934, pp. 263, 266) <p. 263> considers a class of variants of equal weight, in addition to 115: 120 (compulsatory), 358 (heare), 405 (watch), 524 (Looke), etc. </p. 263> <p. 266>He asserts that “Q2 should be followed in all forty-four instances.” </p. 266>
Ed. note: Wilson implies that few eds. have landless: many do.
1934 cam3
cam3: standard
115 Sharkt vp] Wilson (ed. 1934) See Introd. xxxvi-xxxvii
cam3
115 laweless] xref to MSH 150, 268. ****
1934 cam3
cam3 Introd. xxxvi-xxxvii: standard
115-17 Wilson (ed. 1934): <p .xxxvi> “Here, as often, the clue to the picture in Shakespeare’s mind is to be found in other plays. The ingredients of the witches’ cauldron in
Macbeth which include ‘Maw and gulf Of the ravined salt-sea shark’ give us a starting-point, which can be followed up in the ‘Shakespearian’ Addition to
Sir Thomas More, describing More’s warning to the rioters of the effects of social anarchy when ‘other ruffians Would shark on you, and men like ravenous fishes Would feed on one another.’ These passages, both containing the word ‘shark” together with the epithets ‘ravined’ or ‘ravenous’ which bear the same meaning, show us that voracious and promiscuous feeding was for Shakespeare the distinctive feature of the shark tribe. The phrase ‘sharked up’ therefore means ‘swallowed up greedily and without discrimination,’ while the notion of feeding has suggested </p. xxxvi> <p. xxxvii> ‘food and diet’ in the next line and ‘stomach in the line following.” </p. xxxvii>
1937 pen1
pen1
115 lawelesse resolutes] Harrison (ed. 1937): “Landless resolutes: adventurers (such as Essex’s followers had been) with no landed property, and therefore ready for any desperate enterprise.”
1938 parc
parc
115 lawelesse] Parrott & Craig (ed. 1938) assume that landless is certainly wrong. They surmise that the context with the discussion of land lost led to the error. They point out that the word occurs only in Jn. 1.1.177, “where it is used to point a contrast between a landless knight and a landed squire.”
1939 kit2
kit2 = Steevens (with attribution)
115 Sharkt vp]
kit2
115 lawelesse] Kittredge (ed. 1939): “Lawless may even mean ‘outlawed,’ as in Munday, The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington (Collier’s Dodsley, XIII, 17).” [+ F1 variant]
kit2
115 resolutes] Kittredge (ed. 1939): bravoes, desperadoes.
1947 cln2
cln2: standard gloss
115 sharkt vp]
cln2
115 lawelesse resolutes] Rylands (ed. 1947): “reckless outlaws.”
1957 pel1
pel1: standard
115 Sharkt] Farnham (ed. 1957): “snatched indiscriminately as the shark takes prey.”
pel1: standard
115 resolutes] Farnham (ed. 1957): “desperadoes.”
1970 pel2 = pel1
pel2: standard
115 Sharkt] Farnham (ed. 1970): “snatched indiscriminately as the shark takes prey”
pel2 = pel1: standard
115 resolutes] Farnham (ed. 1970): “desperadoes”
1980 pen2
pen2: standard
115 list] Spencer (ed. 1980): “(perhaps disparagingly) collection, mere catalogue (but compare [211])”
pen2: standard on lawless +
115 lawelesse] Spencer (ed. 1980): Though the Q2 reading is corroborated by Q1, perhaps F1’s landless is better because Fortinbras has lost his lands.
pen2
115 resolutes] Spencer (ed. 1980): “determined characters.”
1982 ard2
ard2: OED; cam3 xxxvi-xxxvii, including // Sir Thomas More
115 Sharkt vp] Jenkins (ed. 1982): “The suggestion of the shark’s savage rapacity anticipates lawless. [. . . ]
ard2: standard
115 lawelesse resolutes] Jenkins (ed. 1982), who takes a negative view of Fortinbras, thinks that Sh. must have changed his mind by 4.4, where we see a disciplined army, and fulfilled “an original idea of introducing a revenging son with an unruly mob of followers by transferring these to Laertes [2854]. ”
Ed. note: But if unimproved has a more positive meaning and if the choice is landless then Fortinbras need not change from wild to disciplined. Furthermore, these words are Horatio’s.
1985 cam4
cam4
115 lawelesse] Edwards (ed. 1985) chooses landless: “The idea here is not of an army of criminals but of disinherited gentry and younger sons who have nothing better to do—like the Bastard in King John. If F1 is the correct reading, “then Q2 must here follow Q1.”
1987 oxf4
oxf4
115 Sharkt vp] Hibbard (ed. 1987) calls this a neologism by Sh. also found in the portion of Sir Thomas More that Sh. is thought to have written.
oxf4 ≈ cam4 without attribution; contra ard2 without attribution
115 lawelesse] Hibbard (ed. 1987) defends the F1 variant because it is the rarer word, because the Bastard in Jn. who is also called landless [1.1.177 ( )], is a Fortinbras analogue, and because “an army made up of ‘younger sons to younger brothers’ would have some chance of being welded into the rather impressive force that Fortinbras has ta his command in 4.4.”
1992 fol2
fol2: standard
115 Sharkt vp] Mowat & Werstine (ed. 1992): “i.e., gathered indiscriminately“
1993 OED
OED
115 Sharkt vp] OED (1993): “v. 2. trans. a. to shark up: to collect hastily (a body of persons, etc.) without regard to selection. Now arch., as an echo of the Shakspere passage.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. I. i. 98 Young Fortinbras,..Hath in the skirts of Norway, heere and there, Shark’d vp a List of Landlesse Resolutes. 1827 GIFFORD Ford’s Wks., ’Tis Pity II. iii. note, What a detestable set of characters has Ford here sharked up for the exercise of his fine talents! 1900 Edin. Rev. July 209 The hard fisted ruffian first of all sharks up the crew out of hospitals and gambling-dens.”
1993 dent
dent
115 lawelesse] Andrews (ed. 1993) claims that the Q2 word incorporates the sense of the F1 word.
2006 ard3q2
ard3q2: Klein
115 Sharkt vp] Thompson & Taylor (ed. 2006): “seized (in a predatory way). Klein points out that Sharked begins a series of metaphors from eating, being followed by food and diet in [116] and stomach in [117].”
ard3q2: standard
115 list] Thompson & Taylor (ed. 2006): “quantity or troop”
ard3q2: ard2
115 lawelesse] Thompson & Taylor (ed. 2006): “F’s ’Landlesse’ indicates an army of younger sons rather than one of (potential) criminals. Jenkins pints out that the followers of Fortinbras are not particularly lawless when they do appear and suggests that it is Laertes who, in 4.5, fulfils this idea of a revenging son accompanied by an unruly mob.”
ard3q2
115 resolutes] Thompson & Taylor (ed. 2006): “resolved (but desperate?) men”
115